Absolute references with $ and F4

In this lesson

1. 1. A formula with a rate cell

   The VAT rate is in F1. Keep rates in one cell, so you can change them later.

2. 2. The problem

   Copy the formula down. Then look at C4. It shows 0.

   C4 has =B4*F3. The rate address moved down to an empty cell.

   C3 is wrong too. It uses the discount rate in F2.

3. 3. Lock the address with $

   A $ sign locks a part of the address. $F$1 always means F1.

   This is an absolute reference.

   To add the $ signs fast, click on F1 in the formula and press F4 (Mac: F4 or Cmd+T).

4. 4. Copy it again

   Now every row uses F1.

5. 5. Change the rate once

   Because all formulas use F1, one change updates every row.

6. 6. Try it yourself

   The discount rate is in F2.

Part of Excel Essentials. Short lessons with practice in a real spreadsheet, checked as you go.